Dispositivos de asistencia ventricular en el shock cardiogénico posinfarto: importancia del soporte hemodinámico: reporte de caso / Ventricular assist devices in post-infarction cardiogenic shock: importance of hemodynamic support: case report / Dispositivos de assistência ventricular no choque cardiogênico pós-infarto: importância do suporte hemodinâmico: relato de caso

El shock cardiogénico posinfarto caracterizado por un estado de insuficiencia circulatoria sistémica requiere de un tratamiento precoz en vistas a restablecer la estabilidad hemodinámica y la función ventricular. Este consta de la reperfusión coronaria mediante revascularización miocárdica; en algunos casos es necesaria la utilización de dispositivos de asistencia ventricular. El ECMO venoarterial es un sistema de circulación extracorpórea que permite un soporte biventricular oxigenando la sangre y reintroduciéndola mediante un flujo continuo hacia la circulación arterial sistémica. El uso de dicho dispositivo en pacientes con shock cardiogénico ha mostrado una mejoría significativa de la sobrevida a 30 días en comparación con el uso del balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. No obstante, sus potenciales complicaciones, como dificultad en el vaciamiento ventricular izquierdo, síndrome de Arlequín, sangrados e infecciones, hacen fundamental la formación y el trabajo en equipo del heart team. Un porcentaje no menor de estos pacientes presentarán una severa disfunción ventricular permanente, por lo que podrían ser candidatos a dispositivos de asistencia ventricular izquierda de larga duración tipo Heartmate III como puente al trasplante cardíaco, el cual ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios con una excelente sobrevida a mediano plazo.

Post-infarction cardiogenic shock characterized by a state of systemic circulatory failure requires early treatment in order to restore hemodynamic stability and ventricular function. This consists of coronary reperfusion through myocardial revascularization, requiring in some cases the use of ventricular assist devices. Veno-arterial ECMO is an extracorporeal circulation system that allows biventricular support by oxygenating the blood and reintroducing it through a continuous flow towards the systemic arterial circulation. The use of this device in patients with cardiogenic shock has shown a significant improvement in survival at 30 days compared to the use of intra-aortic balloon pump. However, its potential complications, such as difficulty in left ventricular emptying, Harlequin syndrome, bleeding and infections, make the training and teamwork of the heart team essential. A great percentage of these patients will present a severe permanent ventricular dysfunction, so they could be candidates for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices like Heartmate III as a bridge to transplant or myocardial recovery, or destination therapy, which has shown satisfactory results with excellent medium-term survival.

O choque cardiogênico pós-infarto caracterizado por um estado de insuficiência circulatória sistêmica requer tratamento precoce para restabelecer a estabilidade hemodinâmica e a função ventricular. Esta consiste na reperfusão coronariana por meio de revascularização miocárdica, necessitando, em alguns casos, do uso de dispositivos de assistência ventricular. A ECMO venoarterial é um sistema de circulação extracorpórea que permite o suporte biventricular oxigenando o sangue e reintroduzindo-o através de um fluxo contínuo para a circulação arterial sistêmica. O uso desse dispositivo em pacientes com choque cardiogênico mostrou melhora significativa na sobrevida em 30 dias em relação ao uso de contrapulsação com balão intra-aórtico. No entanto, suas potenciais complicações, como dificuldade de esvaziamento ventricular esquerdo, síndrome de Harlequin, sangramentos e infecções, tornam imprescindível o treinamento e o trabalho em equipe do time do coração. Não uma pequena porcentagem desses pacientes apresentará uma condição ventricular permanente grave, podendo ser candidatos a dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda de longa duração do tipo Heartmate III como ponte para o transplante cardíaco, que tem demonstrado resultados satisfatórios com excelente sobrevida em médio prazo.

Miocarditis fulminante en adultos por el virus de la influenza B: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Fulminant myocarditis due to the influenza B virus in adults: Report of two cases and literature review

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del miocardio. Las infecciones virales son la causa más común, aunque también puede deberse a reacciones de hipersensibilidad y de etiología autoinmunitaria, entre otras. El espectro clínico de la enfermedad es variado y comprende desde un curso asintomático, seguido de dolor torácico, arritmias y falla cardiaca aguda, hasta un cuadro fulminante. El término 'fulminante' se refiere al desarrollo de un shock cardiogénico con necesidad de soporte vasopresor e inotrópico o dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea o balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Cerca del 10 % de los casos de falla cardiaca por miocarditis corresponde a miocarditis fulminante. La miocarditis por influenza se considera una condición infrecuente; no obstante, su incidencia ha aumentado desde el 2009 a raíz de la pandemia de influenza por el virus AH1N1. Por su parte, la miocarditis por influenza de tipo B sigue siendo una condición infrecuente. Se describen aquí dos casos confirmados de miocarditis fulminante por el virus de la influenza B atendidos en un centro cardiovascular, que requirieron dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria mecánica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Viral infections are the most common cause, although it can also be due to hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune etiology, among other causes. The clinical spectrum of the disease is varied, from an asymptomatic course, followed by chest pain, arrhythmias, and acute heart failure, to a fulminant episode. The term fulminant refers to the development of cardiogenic shock with a need for vasopressor support and inotropic or assisted circulation devices either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic counterpulsation balloon. About 10% of cases of heart failure due to myocarditis correspond to fulminant myocarditis. Influenza myocarditis has been considered an infrequent condition. However, its incidence has increased since 2009 as a result of the AH1N1 pandemic; otherwise, myocarditis due to the Influenza type B virus remains an infrequent entity. We describe the experience in a cardiovascular center of two confirmed cases of fulminant myocarditis due to influenza B that required circulatory assistance devices.

Inibição da guanilato ciclase pelo azul de metileno no choque circulatório causado por pancreatite aguda necrosante: uma palavra de cuidado embasada em modelo suíno / Guanylate cyclase inhibition by methylene blue in circulatory shock caused by acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a word of caution based on a porcine model

OBJETIVO: estudar o uso terapêutico do bloqueio da guanilato ciclase pelo azul de metileno em um modelo experimental de pancreatite aguda grave em suínos. MÉTODOS: a pancreatite aguda necrotizante foi induzida em porcos anestesiados por infusão ductal pancreática retrógrada de 1ml/kg de taurocolato de sódio a 5% e 8U/kg de enteroquinase. Três grupos foram estudados (n=5): controle (C), pancreatite (PA), "bolus" de azul seguido por pancreatite (AM+PA). Os dados incluíram enzimas séricas e do líquido abdominal, variáveis hemodinâmicas, hemogasometria arterial, volume de líquido abdominal, marcadores inflamatórios plasmáticos, nitrito/nitrato e mieloperoxidase e malondialdeído plasmático. Aplicou-se a análise de variância seguida do pós-teste de Bonferroni (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: os valores de amilase e lipase foram três e dez vezes mais elevados no grupo PA. A atividade da mieloperoxidase foi 50% superior no grupo PA. Os dados hemodinâmicos indicaram choque hipovolêmico precoce seguido de choque cardiogênico. Observou-se grave translocação de líquidos para a cavidade peritoneal. A nitrito/nitrato plasmática permaneceu inalterada. O grupo AM+PA teve aumento de cinco vezes do mieloperoxidase em comparação com o grupo C. CONCLUSÕES: a utilização de azul de metileno em suínos com pancreatite não demonstrou efeitos significativos sobre variáveis hemodinâmicas e inflamatórias. Seu uso terapêutico na pancreatite necro-hemorrágica pode ser inadequado e extremo cuidado deve ser tomado dado o aumento da peroxidação lipídica evidenciado pelo aumento dos valores do malondialdeído.

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic application of guanylate cyclase inhibition by methylene blue in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis in pigs. METHODS: acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in anesthetized pigs by the retrograde infusion of 1 ml/kg of 5% sodium taurocholate and 8 U/kg enterokinase in the pancreatic duct. Three groups were studied (n = 5): control (C), pancreatitis (AP), and MB bolus followed by pancreatitis (MB+P). The data included serum and abdominal fluid enzymes, hemodynamic variables, arterial hemogasometry, abdominal fluid volume, inflammatory markers, plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx), plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA). One- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by the Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: amylase and lipase were three and 10-fold higher in the AP group. Myeloperoxidase activity was 50% higher in the AP group. The hemodynamic data indicated early hypovolemic shock followed by cardiogenic shock. Severe fluid translocation to the peritoneal cavity was observed. Plasma NOx remained unchanged. The MB+P group had a five-fold increase in MDA compared with the C group. CONCLUSION: preemptive application of MB in pigs with AP demonstrated no significant effects on hemodynamic and inflammatory variables. The use of MB is inadequate in cases of exponential NO release, and extreme caution must be exercised, given the increase in lipid peroxidation based on the malondialdehyde dosage.

[Use of catecholamine and shocks. continuous debate!]

Hypotension and shocks are frequently observed in patients requiring admission in ICU. However, the optimal adrenergic support in shock is controversial. To perform a descriptive approach of the current use of catecholamine in a medico-surgical ICU in patients with schoks. Our study is prospective over 3 month period. Were included all patients admitted in our ICU during the study period's. We compared the populations with and without catecholamine, we analysed the catecholamine selected in various clinical settings and we studied the impact of the use of catecholamine on the patient outcomes. During the study's period, 226 patients were hospitalized in our service and were the subject of this study. The median age [ +/- SD] was of 47 +/- 24 years. During their hospitalization in the ICU, 132 patients [58.4%] presented a shock. The cardiogenic shock and the hypovolemic shock were the most observed [37.8% and 35.6% respectively]. Hundred thirty patients [57.5%] received catecholamines during their stay in ICU. Eighty four patients [64.6% of the patients having received catecholamines] had received dopamine. Sixty two patients [47.7% of the patients having received catecholamines] had received dobutamine, 63 patients [48.5%] had received epinephrine and 22 patients [16.9%] had received norepinephrine. The mean's period of catecholamines use was 5 +/- 4 days. Among drugs proposed in order to manage patients with cardiogenic shock, dobutamine was chosen as the first choice agent in 62% of the cases. Among drugs proposed in order to manage patients with septic shock, Dopamine was chosen as the first choice agent in 85.7% of the cases. In our study the patients of the class C or D in the Knauss classification are significantly predisposed to receive catecholamines during their ICU stay [OR: 5.3 ; IC 95%: 1.7 - 5.7].Moreover, the needing of catecholamine use is strongly associated with high mortality [OR: 16,8; IC 95%: 16.4 - 49.2]. The choice of catecholamines is a matter of debate for critically ill patients. The use of catecholamines is a clinical marker of severity and provider of mortality

Cardiogenic shock due to citomegalovirus myocarditis: successful clinical treatment / Choque cardiogênico devido à miocardite por citomegalovírus: terapêutica clínica com sucesso

OBJECTIVE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) systemic disease and myocarditis in healthy persons is infrequently reported in the literature, although in increasing numbers in recent years. The importance of the recognition of the syndrome that usually has an initial picture of a mononucleosis like infection in an otherwise healthy person, is the available therapeutic agent, ganciclovir, that can cure the infectious disease. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical result of pulsotherapy with steroids in a patient with CMV myocarditis after 7 days of etiological treatment, with ganciclovir, intravenous vasodilators, and the conventional treatment for congestive heart failure. RESULTS: The clinical condition of the patient improved accordingly to the better function of the left ventricle, and the ganciclovir was kept for 21 days, most of it in an out patient basis. The patient was dismissed from the hospital, with normal myocardial function. CONCLUSION: Potentially curable forms of myocarditis, like M pneumoniae and CMV, for example, can have an initial disproportionate aggression to the myocardium, by the acute inflammatory reaction, that can by itself make worse the damage to the LV function. In our opinion, the blockade of this process by pulsotherapy with steroids can help in the treatment of these patients. We understand that the different scenario of immunosuppressive treatments for the possible auto immunity of the more chronic forms of the presumably post viral cardiomyopathy has been in dispute in the literature, and has stolen the focus from the truly acute cases.

OBJETIVO: Doença sistêmica por citomegalovírus (CMV) com miocardite em pessoas saudáveis é raramente referida na literatura, apesar de em maior número em anos recentes. A importância do reconhecimento da síndrome, que usualmente tem um quadro inicial "mononucleosis like" em uma pessoa sadia é a disponibilidade do agente terapêutico ganciclovir, que pode curar a infecção. MÉTODOS: Nós analisamos o resultado da pulsoterapia com esteróides em um paciente com miocardite por CMV, após 7 dias de tratamento etiológico com ganciclovir, vasodilatadores intravenosos e o tratamento convencional para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. RESULTADOS: A condição clínica do paciente melhorou com a melhor função do ventrículo esquerdo e o ganciclovir foi mantido por 21 dias após alta hospitalar.A função miocárdica retornou ao normal. CONCLUSÃO: Formas curáveis de miocardites como M pneumonia e CMV, por exemplo, podem ter uma agressão grave ao miocárdio por uma ação inflamatória que pode piorar a função cardíaca. Em nossa opinião, o bloqueio deste processo pela pulsoterapia com esteróides pode auxiliar no tratamento destes pacientes. Entendemos que existe um cenário diferente de tratamento com imunossupressores para possível agressão auto-imune das formas mais crônicas de cardiomiopatias dilatadas e isso está em disputa na literatura, talvez mudando o foco dos casos realmente agudos.

Cardiogenic shock with hypereosinophilic syndrome.

We report a child with hypereosinophilic syndrome who presented with cardiogenic shock. In addition, she had skin and joint involvement. The clinical condition improved and eosinophil counts normalized with steroid therapy. However, the skin lesions and hypereosinophilia relapsed on stopping the steroids. The child was subsequently maintained in remission on low dose prednisolone.

Methylene blue improves hemodynamic shock but increases lipoperoxidation in severe acute pancreatitis pig model / Azul de metileno melhora as condições hemodinâmicas do choque circulatório, mas aumenta a peroxidação lipídica em um modelo suino de pancreatite aguda grave

PURPOSE: Study hemodynamic pattern and lipoperoxidation during methylene blue (MB) treatment on taurocholate - enterokinase induced acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: Thirty pigs were equally divided in control group; MB group; AP group; MB previous AP group; and MB after 90 min of induced AP group. MB was given iv in a bolus dose (2mg.kg-1) followed by maintenance dose (2 mg.kg-1.h-1). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded continuously during 180 min by Swan-Ganz catheter. Blood samples were taken every 60 min to determine arterial and venous nitrate, malondialdehyde (MDA) and amylase. Pancreatic tissue was removed for histopathologic study. RESULTS: In AP group MBP and CO decreased over time 33 percent (p<0.05) and 52 percent (p<0.05), respectively. In MB previous induced-AP group, there was 70 minutes delay (p<0.05) to decrease MBP and CO. In MB group arterial and venous nitrite decreased (p<0.05) over time. MB infusion increased (p>0.05) serum MDA when associated to AP. After induced AP, MB did not reverse MBP and CO decrease. There was no difference in serum amylase and necro-hemorrhagic findings with MB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this taurocholate-induced AP model MB treatment delayed hemodynamic shock and decreases serum nitrate levels but increases serum MDA levels. No volemic replacement was done and it may have been a mitigated factor to a poor tissue perfusion and impairment microcirculation. Further investigations are needed to elucidate MB treatment role during AP treatment.

OBJETIVO: estudar o perfil hemodinâmico e a lipoperoxidação durante o tratamento com azul de metileno (AM) de pancreatite aguda (PA) induzida por taurocolato-enteroquinase. MÉTODOS: Trinta porcos foram igualmente divididos em: grupo controle, grupo AM; grupo PA; grupo AM prévio à PA; grupo AM após 90 minutos após a indução da PA. O AM foi administrado sob a forma de bolus EV (2mg.kg-1) seguido por dose de manutenção (2 mg.kg-1.h-1). Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram registrados continuamente durante 180 min com auxílio de cateter de Swan-Ganz. Amostras sanguíneas foram colhidas a cada 60 min para a determinação arterial e venosa de nitrato, malondialdeido (MDA) and amilase. Removeu-se tecido pancreático para estudo histopatológico. RESULTADOS: No grupo PA a pressão arterial media (PAM) e o débito cardíaco (DC) diminuíram respectivamente 33 por cento (p<0.05) e 52 por cento (p<0.05) no decorrer do tempo. No grupo AM prévio à indução da PA ocorreu 70 minutes de demora (p<0.05) para as diminuições da PAM e DC. No grupo AM houve diminuição temporal do nitrato arterial e venoso (p<0.05). A infusão de AM aumentou os valores de MDA sérico quando associado a PA (p>0.05). Após a indução da PA a infusão de AM não reverteu as quedas da PA e DC. Não houve diferenças nos níveis de amilase sérica e achados histológicos com o tratamento com o azul de metileno. CONCLUSÕES: No presente modelo de PA induzida por taurocolato o AM retardou o desenvolvimento do choque circulatório, diminuiu os níveis de nitrato mas aumentou os níveis de MDA. Não se realizou nenhum tipo de reposição volêmica que poderia melhorar a perfusão tecidual e melhora da microcirculação. Investigações adicionais são necessárias para elucidar o papel terapêutico do AM no tratamento da PA aguda.

Nitroglycerine in scorpion sting with decompensated shock.

This study was designed to examine the effect of nitroglycerine infusion in children hospitalized for scorpion sting with severe myocardial dysfunction and decompensated shock. Children satisfying the inclusion criteria were started on nitroglycerine infusion under hemodynamic monitoring and other supportive measures. The effects of nitroglycerine, including improvement in oxygenation and decrease in pulmonary congestion and liver size were recorded. Seven out of 11 children responded well to nitroglycerine therapy and the clinical response was evident within 30 to 60 minutes. The first parameter to improve was oxygen saturation, followed by an improvement in the blood pressure and respiratory rate. Heart rate was the last parameter to improve after nitroglycerine infusion. The average duration of nitroglycerine infusion was 25 hours (12 - 36 hours). It was seen that the non-survivors had significant tachycardia at admission, and a greater need for assisted ventilation compared to the survivors. We conclude that nitroglycerine therapy could bring about significant improvement in myocardial function and hemodynamic parameters with a potential for improved survival.

Impacto del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en la mortalidad por choque cardiogénico secundario a infarto agudo del miocardio / Impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction

Propósito del trabajo: Determinar el impacto del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en la mortalidad por choque cardiogénico postinfarto agudo del miocardio. Método: 292 pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios en el período comprendido de febrero de 2001 a febrero del 2003, de los cuales 40 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, posteriormente fueron divididos en 2 grupos: choque cardiogénico temprano y tardío, se les asignó al azar y de forma ciega a recibir tratamiento a base de inotrópicos aislados e inotrópicos más balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en ambos grupos en los valores de la presión en cuña de la pulmonar (20.4 ± 1.6 vs 24.4 ± 1.50, p = 0.0004) y el índice cardíaco (2.06 ± 0.7 vs 1.65 ± 0.18, p = 0.0002). El grupo de choque tardío presentó una mayor mortalidad (25.9% vs 61.5%, p < 0.05), los pacientes que recibieron apoyo con balón mostraron una disminución en la mortalidad del 66% y 69% en choque temprano y tardío respectivamente. Conclusiones: El uso del balón intra-aórtico de contrapulsación en los pacientes que desarrollan choque cardiogénico post IAM disminuye la mortalidad, como coadyuvante con el uso de inotrópicos y angioplastía primaria.

Objective: To determine the impact of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the mortality due to cardiogenic shock post-acute myocardial infarction. Methods: In a two-year period, 292 patients with acute myocardial infarction were admitted to the coronary intensive care unit, 40 were included in the study. Afterwards, patients were divided in two groups: early cardiogenic and late cardiogenic shock, and they were assigned randomly and blind to treatment with inotropics and inotropics plus intra-aortic balloon pump. Results: There were significant differences in the measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure (20.4 ± 1.6 vs 24.4 ± 1.50, p = 0.0004) and the cardiac index (2.06 ± 0.7 vs 1.65 ± 0.18, p = 0.0002) between the two groups. The late cardiogenic shock group showed an increased mortality (25.9% vs 61.5%, p < 0.05). Patients treated with inotropics + balloon, in both early and late shock groups, showed a reduction in mortality of 66% and 69%, respectively. Conclusions: The use of the intra-aortic balloon pump in the treatment of cardiogenic shock post acute myocardial infarction reduces the mortality when associated with the use of inotropics and reperfusion. (Arch Cardiol Mex 2005; 75: 260-266).

Vasopresina: usos en la práctica cardiovascular / Vasopressin: uses in cardiovascular practice

Vasopressin is secreted by the neurohypophysis influenced by many variables; among them the most important and known is the osmotic pressure (osmotic regulation) of body fluid. Other factors that modify this hormone's secretion are changes in blood volume and blood pressure, which contribute significantly to hemodynamic recovery. Vasopressin receptors are located in different sites, and their stimulation generate also generates different physiological responses. The receptors are of two types, V1 and V2. The usefulness of exogenous vasopressin has been proven in many clinical situations, refractory cardiac arrest, septic shock, vasodilator shock, postcardiotomy shock, and vasoplegic shock, with promising results. At present, enough scientific support exists for the use of this antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) in clinical practice.

Uso de fluídos y drogas vasoactivas / Fluid use and vasoactive drugs

Se revisan los tipos de volumen y drogas vasoactivas utilizados en la reanimación de pacientes hipotensos o en shock. Se analizan sus características químicas, modos de acción, ventajas y efectos adversos. Se buscó información en revisiones previas, consensos y trabajos originales relevantes, publicados desde 1980 hasta ahora, realizando las búsquedas a través de bases de datos de Internet. En el uso de fluidos, no está demostrado una ventaja en la reanimación inicial en el uso de coloides, prefiriéndose los cristaloides por su bajo costo y nula toxicidad. En la reanimación tardía, se pueden preferir los coloides por su menor tendencia a provocar edema, en especial en pacientes con disfunción cardiaca. La albúmina es el coloide ideal por su buen poder oncótico y escasos efectos adversos. Los hidroxietilalmidones de peso molecular intermedio son una aceptable alternativa a la albúmina, de menor costo. En las drogas vasopresoras, destaca la creciente preferencia de la norepinefrina por sobre la dopamina en la primera línea del tratamiento del shock séptico, siendo un problema su mayor costo. En las drogas inótropas destaca la dobutamina, reservándose la milrinoma para pacientes con mayor tendencia a las arritmias, por ser de mucho mayor precio. En el caso de requerirse el uso de drogas vasopresoras o inótropas, se recomienda realizar monitoreo hemodinámico. En conclusión, existe una variada alternativa de fluidos y drogas vasoactivas para la reanimación de nuestros pacientes. La elección de una alternativa u otra, dependerá del buen juicio clínico y el adecuado uso de nuevas evidencias